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<title>Flutter (software)</title>

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Flutter (software)

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</style><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary">Flutter</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Programmer" title="Programmer">Original author(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Google" title="Google">Google</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Programmer" title="Programmer">Developer(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Google and community</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Initial release</th><td class="infobox-data">Alpha (v0.0.6) / May 12, 2017 (2017-05-12)<a href="#cite_note-REVA-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Software_release_life_cycle" title="Software release life cycle">Stable release</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="margin:0px;">3.32.5<a href="#cite_note-wikidata-0c3b1ede0d95deb0f778287be3ed2e184656f63d-v20-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-wikidata-d1b5b3f510d79c4c11f0a529a107df3245ef7db8-v20-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-wikidata-18a8e78bde212df53a9a42e8499f96f1728cf4c6-v20-4">[4]</a>

/ 25 June 2025 (25 June 2025)</div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2">

</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Repository_(version_control)" title="Repository (version control)">Repository</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">

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</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/flutter/flutter">github.com/flutter/flutter</a> </li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Written in</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a>, <a href="C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a>, <a href="Dart_(programming_language)" title="Dart (programming language)">Dart</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Computing_platform" title="Computing platform">Platform</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a>, <a href="IOS" title="IOS">iOS</a>, <a href="Google_Fuchsia" class="mw-redirect" title="Google Fuchsia">Google Fuchsia</a>, <a href="Web_platform" title="Web platform">Web platform</a>, <a href="Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a>, <a href="MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a> and <a href="Windows" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows">Windows</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Software_categories#Categorization_approaches" title="Software categories">Type</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Application_framework" title="Application framework">Application framework</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Software_license" title="Software license">License</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="New_BSD_License" class="mw-redirect" title="New BSD License">New BSD License</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://flutter.dev">flutter.dev</a></td></tr></tbody></table>

Flutter is an <a href="Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">open-source</a> <a href="User_interface" title="User interface">UI</a> <a href="Software_development_kit" title="Software development kit">software development kit</a> created by <a href="Google" title="Google">Google</a>. It can be used to develop <a href="Cross-platform_software" title="Cross-platform software">cross platform applications</a> from a <a href="Write_once_run_anywhere" class="mw-redirect" title="Write once run anywhere">single</a> <a href="Codebase" title="Codebase">codebase</a> for the <a href="Web_platform" title="Web platform">web</a>,<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> <a href="Google_Fuchsia" class="mw-redirect" title="Google Fuchsia">Fuchsia</a>, <a href="Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a>, <a href="IOS" title="IOS">iOS</a>, <a href="Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a>, <a href="MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a>, and <a href="Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Windows</a>.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> First described in 2015,<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> Flutter was released in May 2017. Flutter is used internally by Google in apps such as <a href="Google_Pay_(mobile_app)" title="Google Pay (mobile app)">Google Pay</a><a href="#cite_note-theregister_3_Mar_2021-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> and <a href="Google_Earth" title="Google Earth">Google Earth</a><a href="#cite_note-9to5google_Sep_26_2023-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> as well as by other software developers including <a href="ByteDance" title="ByteDance">ByteDance</a><a href="#cite_note-TechCrunch_11_May_2022-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> and <a href="Alibaba_Group" title="Alibaba Group">Alibaba</a>.<a href="#cite_note-TechCrunch_4_December_2018-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a>

Flutter ships applications with its own rendering engine which directly outputs pixel data to the screen.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-theregister_Nov_2021-19">[19]</a> This is in contrast to many other UI <a href="Application_framework" title="Application framework">frameworks</a> that rely on the target platform to provide a rendering engine, such as native <a href="Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a> apps which rely on the device-level <a href="Android_SDK" title="Android SDK">Android SDK</a> or <a href="IOS_SDK" title="IOS SDK">IOS SDK</a> which use the target platform's built-in UI stack. Flutter's control of its rendering pipeline simplifies multi-platform support as identical UI code can be used for all target platforms.<a href="#cite_note-theregister_Nov_2021-19">[19]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Architecture">Architecture</h2></div>

The basic component in a Flutter program is a "widget", which can in turn consist of other widgets.<a href="#cite_note-Windmill_&_Rischpater-20">[20]</a> A widget describes the logic, interaction, and design of a UI element with an implementation similar to <a href="React_(JavaScript_library)" class="mw-redirect" title="React (JavaScript library)">React</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Windmill_&_Rischpater-20">[20]</a> Unlike other cross-platform toolkits such as <a href="React_Native" title="React Native">React Native</a> and <a href="Xamarin" title="Xamarin">Xamarin</a> which draw widgets using native platform components, Flutter renders widgets itself on a per-<a href="Pixel" title="Pixel">pixel</a> basis. Flutter has two types of widgets: stateless and stateful. Stateless widgets only update if their inputs change, meaning they otherwise won't need to be rebuilt when other elements of the screen change, while stateful widgets can call the <code>setState()</code> method to update an internal state and redraw.<a href="#cite_note-Windmill_&_Rischpater-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> Although widgets are the primary method of constructing Flutter applications, they can also be bypassed in favor of directly drawing on a canvas. This feature has been occasionally used to implement game engines in Flutter.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a>

The Flutter framework contains two sets of widgets that conform to specific design languages: <a href="Material_Design" title="Material Design">Material Design</a> widgets implement Google's <a href="Design_language" title="Design language">design language</a> of the same name, and Cupertino widgets implement Apple's <a href="IOS" title="IOS">iOS</a> <a href="Human_interface_guidelines" title="Human interface guidelines">Human interface guidelines</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Anderson_Aug_2020-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-flutter.dev_Technical_Overview-24">[24]</a> Flutter allows the developer to use either set of widgets on either platform. Developers can use Cupertino widgets on Android.

Flutter apps are written in the <a href="Dart_(programming_language)" title="Dart (programming language)">Dart</a> language. Release versions of Flutter apps on all platforms use <a href="Ahead-of-time_compilation" title="Ahead-of-time compilation">ahead-of-time (AOT) compilation</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> except for on the Web where code is <a href="Source-to-source_compiler" title="Source-to-source compiler">transpiled</a> to <a href="JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a> or WebAssembly.<a href="#cite_note-TechCrunch_25_January_2023-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> Flutter inherits Dart's <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pub.dev">Pub</a> <a href="Package_manager" title="Package manager">package manager</a> and <a href="Software_repository" title="Software repository">software repository</a>, which allows users to publish and use custom packages as well as Flutter-specific plugins.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> The Foundation library, written in <a href="Dart_(programming_language)" title="Dart (programming language)">Dart</a>, provides basic classes and functions that are used to construct applications using Flutter, such as <a href="Application_programming_interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Application programming interface">APIs</a> to communicate with the engine.<a href="#cite_note-flutter.dev_Technical_Overview-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a>

Flutter's engine, written primarily in <a href="C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a>, provides low-level <a href="Rendering_(computer_graphics)" title="Rendering (computer graphics)">rendering</a> support using either Google's <a href="Skia_Graphics_Engine" title="Skia Graphics Engine">Skia</a> graphics library or the custom "Impeller" graphics layer, which is enabled by default on iOS and Android API 29 and higher.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-9to5google_Jan_25_2023-32">[32]</a> The engine interfaces with <a href="Platform-specific_model" title="Platform-specific model">platform-specific</a> <a href="Software_development_kit" title="Software development kit">SDKs</a> such as those provided by <a href="Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a> and <a href="IOS" title="IOS">iOS</a> to implement features like accessibility, file and network I/O, native plugin support, etc.<a href="#cite_note-flutter.dev_Technical_Overview-24">[24]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

The first version of Flutter was known as "Sky" and ran on the <a href="Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a> <a href="Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating system</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ars_Technica_1_May_2015-33">[33]</a> It was unveiled at the 2015 <a href="Dart_(programming_language)" title="Dart (programming language)">Dart</a> developer summit with the stated intent of being able to <a href="Rendering_(computer_graphics)" title="Rendering (computer graphics)">render</a> consistently at 120 <a href="Frame_rate" title="Frame rate">frames per second</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ars_Technica_1_May_2015-33">[33]</a> On December 4, 2018, Flutter 1.0 was released at the Flutter conference in London.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a>

On May 6, 2020, the Dart software development kit (<a href="Software_development_kit" title="Software development kit">SDK</a>) version 2.8 and Flutter 1.17.0 were released, adding support for the <a href="Metal_(API)" title="Metal (API)">Metal</a> <a href="API" title="API">API</a>.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a>

On March 3, 2021, Google released Flutter 2 during an online Flutter Engage event.<a href="#cite_note-theregister_3_Mar_2021-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-TechCrunch_3_March_2021-36">[36]</a> It added a <a href="Canvas_element" title="Canvas element">Canvas</a>-based renderer for web in addition to the HTML-based renderer and early-access desktop application support for <a href="Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Windows</a>, <a href="MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a>, and <a href="Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a>.<a href="#cite_note-TechCrunch_3_March_2021-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-theregister_3_Mar_2021-10">[10]</a> It also shipped with Dart 2.0 which included support for <a href="Void_safety" title="Void safety">null-safety</a>.<a href="#cite_note-theregister_3_Mar_2021-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-XDA_3_March_2021-37">[37]</a> Null safety was initially optional as it was a breaking change and was made mandatory in Dart 3 released in 2023.<a href="#cite_note-XDA_3_March_2021-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-theregister_9_Dec_2022-38">[38]</a>

On May 12, 2022, Flutter 3 and Dart 2.17 were released with support for all desktop platforms as stable.<a href="#cite_note-theregister_11_May_2022-39">[39]</a>

On October 27, 2024, a number of Flutter community developers announced Flock, a fork of Flutter intended to be easier to contribute to while still keeping in sync with all changes made in the upstream code base.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a>

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<ul><li><a href="List_of_platform-independent_GUI_libraries" title="List of platform-independent GUI libraries">List of platform-independent GUI libraries</a></li>

<li><a href="Dart_(programming_language)" title="Dart (programming language)">Dart (programming language)</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFChris_Bracken" class="citation web cs1">Chris Bracken. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/flutter/flutter/releases/tag/v0.0.6">"Release v0.0.6: Rev alpha branch version to 0.0.6, flutter 0.0.26 (#10010) · flutter/flutter"</a>. <a href="GitHub" title="GitHub">GitHub</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190205055416/https://github.com/flutter/flutter/releases/tag/v0.0.6">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-02-05. Retrieved 2018-08-08.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.infoq.com/news/2015/12/flutter-dart-cross-platform/">"With Flutter, Google Aims Dart to Mobile App Cross-Development"</a>. InfoQ. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220428184556/https://www.infoq.com/news/2015/12/flutter-dart-cross-platform/">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-04-28. Retrieved 2022-03-17.</cite>

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</style><div id="Google_free_and_open-source_software55" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Google" title="Google">Google</a> free and open-source software</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Software</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Chromium_(web_browser)" title="Chromium (web browser)">Chromium</a></li>

<li><a href="Gemini_(language_model)" title="Gemini (language model)">Gemma</a></li>

<li><a href="OpenRefine" title="OpenRefine">OpenRefine</a></li>

<li><a href="Tesseract_(software)" title="Tesseract (software)">Tesseract</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Programming languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Carbon_(programming_language)" title="Carbon (programming language)">Carbon</a></li>

<li><a href="Sawzall_(programming_language)" title="Sawzall (programming language)">Sawzall</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Frameworks and development tools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Angular_(web_framework)" title="Angular (web framework)">Angular</a></li>

<li><a href="AngularJS" title="AngularJS">AngularJS</a></li>

<li><a href="Bazel_(software)" title="Bazel (software)">Bazel</a></li>

<li><a href="Blockly" title="Blockly">Blockly</a></li>

<li><a href="Brotli" title="Brotli">Brotli</a></li>

<li><a href="Google_Closure_Tools" title="Google Closure Tools">Closure Tools</a></li>

<li><a href="Cpplint" title="Cpplint">Cpplint</a></li>

<li><a href="FlatBuffers" title="FlatBuffers">FlatBuffers</a></li>

<li><a href="Ganeti" title="Ganeti">Ganeti</a></li>

<li><a href="Gears_(software)" title="Gears (software)">Gears</a></li>

<li><a href="Gerrit_(software)" title="Gerrit (software)">Gerrit</a></li>

<li><a href="Google_Guava" title="Google Guava">Guava</a></li>

<li><a href="Guetzli" title="Guetzli">Guetzli</a></li>

<li><a href="Google_Guice" title="Google Guice">Guice</a></li>

<li><a href="GVisor" title="GVisor">gVisor</a></li>

<li><a href="Kubernetes" title="Kubernetes">Kubernetes</a></li>

<li><a href="LevelDB" title="LevelDB">LevelDB</a></li>

<li><a href="Libvpx" title="Libvpx">libvpx</a></li>

<li><a href="Lighthouse_(software)" title="Lighthouse (software)">Lighthouse</a></li>

<li><a href="Namebench" title="Namebench">Namebench</a></li>

<li><a href="Nomulus" title="Nomulus">Nomulus</a></li>

<li><a href="OR-Tools" title="OR-Tools">OR-Tools</a></li>

<li><a href="Polymer_(library)" title="Polymer (library)">Polymer</a></li>

<li><a href="Protocol_Buffers" title="Protocol Buffers">Protocol Buffers</a></li>

<li><a href="TensorFlow" title="TensorFlow">TensorFlow</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Operating systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a></li>

<li><a href="ChromiumOS" title="ChromiumOS">ChromiumOS</a></li>

<li><a href="Fuchsia_(operating_system)" title="Fuchsia (operating system)">Fuchsia</a></li>

<li><a href="GLinux" title="GLinux">gLinux</a></li>

<li><a href="Goobuntu" title="Goobuntu">Goobuntu</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Google_LLC_v._Oracle_America%2C_Inc." title="Google LLC v. Oracle America, Inc.">Google LLC v. Oracle America, Inc.</a></li>

<li><a href="Open_Source_Security_Foundation" title="Open Source Security Foundation">Open Source Security Foundation</a></li>

<li><a href="Google_Summer_of_Code" title="Google Summer of Code">Summer of Code</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

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